谈到在生活的每一个学生的普通话一个点时,他觉得号召,写语言的难度。 的时间终于来找我,我会按照路径 的 主人 。 事实上,我打算更进一步。 我证明,中国是世界上最困难的语言。
我知道我踩危险的地面上,和日语学习者节是一定要落在我declensions的重量。 为了使这是一个公平的游戏,我将首先定义什么我困难的理解:一个人以前没有相关的语言接触的平均所需的时间, 以达到功能的水平 ,其中功能是理解为能够执行每一个正常的活动普通话没有显著的缺点,如:写论文,举办正式会议,以正常速度阅读,在嘈杂的酒吧聊天。 我以我自己的法语水平,这个水平的衡量标准。
当然,这个标准和“显著的缺点”的整个概念是主观的,很难衡量,但这个职位的目的应该是足够的。 注意,这里的关键因素是实用工具 :我故意少交的关注等方面的口音,只要在正常的沟通方式,因为它没有得到。 原因是我考虑语言作为沟通的工具,而不是地位,出身或其他功能的标志。 在中国,任何可能的用途是模仿口音失去了大多数外国人,因为五官立刻让他们离开。
除了口音,重要领域,如中国古典给出了明显的原因,我的“功能性”的定义非常小,重量轻。 它是真实的,使用这个定义,我削弱我最困难的语言的情况下的,但我们可以买得起,因为我们最强大的武器储备。
还有一件事之前,我继续:这次演习已经试过很多次了,喜欢这里 , 在 这里和这里 。 我忽略了以前的结果,因为标准,如每个老师的看法或比较某些常规参数,没有任何在现实生活中的使用。 每个学生自由选择他自己定义的困难和功能级别,但在我看来,在这个岗位之一,概括为“ 需要在本地环境中使用的语言无缝的水平 ”,是一个大多数人自然会接受。
我的论点如下通过3个阶段的学习中文的过程:首先,我证明,中国是很容易的,然后我证明,这是很难的。 最后,我会给的原因,中国是世界上最困难的语言。 如果您已经熟悉普通话的研究,你可能想直接跳到第三章。
中文是容易
在一个基本水平和单词的第一个列出的容易发音和记忆(音)汉语语法的简单性使得起初非常温和的学习曲线。 我已经多次在西班牙学习西班牙语的学生比较,几乎总是在中国普通话的学生更快地开始使用简单的句子。 除了语言本身,我怀疑,对中国的好奇和健谈的性质是它的一个重要组成部分。
如果你在中国有足够长的时间,你有可能看到这些奇迹的学生,了解到中国在1年内一些。 我会见了一些他们自己的,并在某些情况下,我对结果感到惊讶。 这些人基本上都是自然的传播者,他们并不需要的铃声或字符,因为它们使用普通话,这是上下文的一个非常强大的工具。 他们的语调和身体语言的信息渠道万吨,并且使他们能够受理的成人为几个小时就结束中国的乐队,而你坐在那里恨恨地想知道放在哪里的了。 这是一个真实的故事,顺便说一下。
当然,并不是每个人都能这样一个伟大的传播者,但这里的要点是:一个人的某一种为某种目标,中国可以在事实上一个简单的语言,在浸泡据悉时。 这是一种肤浅的层面上,是指当你听到有人说:“他讲14种语言的流利”。 它只是最基本的字符,几乎没有语法,没有音调记忆的日常词汇的长列表。 它无处甚至是靠近我的功能级别的定义,但它是有用和有意义的,对于大多数人来说,这是他们所需要的。
正是出于这个原因,每个外国人来中国,特别是好奇和交际的,我强烈建议学习中国的谈话没有字符。 在这第一个层次,它具有经济意义,对他们大多数人认真研究。
由于长期暴露在讲普通话的环境,一个扬声器,可以去很长的路要走,没有字符。 然而,严重的学生的普通话,非字符的路径是不可持续的。 除其他原因,因为它会使它无法读写,有效地离开了限制大面积的知识。
中文是困难
步入下一阶段之前,潜在的学生应该三思。 ,因为它需要在时间上的投资比例几乎任何其他语言的研究,甚至与这种复杂的任务,例如,获得博士学位。 在绝大多数情况下,它不具有经济意义,而且它根本就不是一个理性的选择。 所以,如果你决定去那里,只是确保您有不合理的动机。
The difficulties that appear in this phase, such as characters and tones, have already been described in the excellent articles mentioned above , so I will not go into details. I will just stress the factors of context and interdependence, which I feel are sometimes understated. The idea, summarized, goes like this: Those two diabolically difficult codes that are spoken and written Chinese are made even more difficult to learn because they tend to be not self-supporting in the mind of the student, but relying on each other, and then both of them rely a good deal on context.
This is the most absurd part of the system, because intuitively one would imagine that a (semi) ideographic script is independent from Speech. The truth is that not only they are not independent, but the whole system is so inefficient that Chinese themselves rely heavily on their Spoken language to interpret the characters. This explains, for example, why it is so easy to come up with characters that your average Chinese cannot read, or why they can read a newspaper knowing only 2000* characters but you cannot, as they successfully use their spoken language to remember/guess the missing characters.
In the other direction, the dependence on written material to learn to speak is common to any second language, as being able to read words in a phonetically significant way makes them much easier to remember. In China, the existing material in proper pinyin (Latin letters with tonemarks) is practically zero, and the tendency of some letters and tones to vary among regions makes it almost impossible to learn them properly just from listening. To make matters worse, Chinese speakers themselves rely on the characters to solve ambiguities, as is often the case with names of people and places, or when they explain a new word: “My name is Jiang,” they say, “the beauty-woman Jiang” referring to the 2 parts of the character 姜. Ambiguities tend to happen a lot in contextual languages like mandarin, even more when a foreigner is involved.
This mutual influence between speech and writing has many other consequences unique to Chinese: for example, it is impossible to write down or even read foreign words without an advanced knowledge of characters, making it very difficult to understand familiar names both in writing and in conversation.
All these factors (and many others I haven't mentioned) provide an extremely difficult learning environment for a foreigner. This is the main reason why it is impossible to reach functional level without following a balanced approach on spoken and written language, plus immersion in Chinese culture. It explains why sinologists with a vast knowledge of characters never get to speak the language functionally , and neither do old China Hands living for decades in language immersion. They both stand on a wobbly platform with one leg shorter than the others.
In short, to study Chinese the effort is similar to learning 2 different languages that need to be pursued in parallel**. And each of these two languages is a LOT more difficult than French (for an English speaker).
This however, has still failed to impress the students of Japanese, who are already grinding their katanas to come after my head. I will admit that, up to here, the Japanese language still has a good chance of beating Mandarin. Move on to the next section to see my checkmate.
Chinese is the Most Difficult Language in the World
Now is when we get to the third phase, that of students at a functional level , without any “significant disadvantage”compared with native speakers. As far as I am concerned, this phase is just hypothetical: I have never seen a foreigner who got there. I am not saying this person does not exist, I just mean that after 3 years in China I haven't met any, that is how rare it is.
In terms of the measure standard established, I could phrase it like this: I have still not met a single foreigner who is fluent in Chinese at a level to compete with my own level in French, which is my 4th language, learnt as an adult in 3 years spent in France. I have an accent and a few faux amis , but I can read and write as fast and complex as any of my French colleagues with similar backgrounds, and I can't remember the last time I didn't get something on TV. I challenge anyone to get me a non-native Chinese speaker that can speak or write like I do in French, or even at a comparable level. Excuse me if I sound cocky, I am just writing this because it is the basis of the argument that follows.
But let's get to the real point of this post: Why is Chinese the most difficult Language in the World?
The main basis for this assertion has to do with vocabulary. I think that in most studies about learning Chinese, this factor has been greatly understated. It is in my opinion the single most important obstacle for a student to get to the functional level . Before I explain why, let me give some background:
In the origin there are deep cultural reasons, that come from the fact that China is seen by its speakers as a cradle of civilization. Actually, it can be accurately said that China is one of the cradles of civilization, and the only one that has kept a living language to this day. Linguists will say that the language has changed completely since the times of the Shang, but this is a purely technical objection. Culturally, it is STILL the same people and the same language, it is felt like this by the speakers, and this entails a series of attitudes that are unique to Chinese.
These “attitudes” include not recognizing Latin or Greek as cultural references, and by extension not accepting English or other foreign roots in the creation of new words. This is the heart of the matter. This makes things extremely difficult for foreigners studying mandarin, and also for Chinese studying foreign languages. And it has implications that go beyond the scope of language learning.
Regarding the practical consequences for the student of mandarin, consider this: the active vocabulary required to obtain a standard level of language—for example, the vocabulary required for highest level of HSK— typically contains no more than a few thousand words, which are more than enough for everyday general conversation. And yet, the HSK11 people that I have met were not even close to competing with my French.
The reason is that for people with a higher education, the passive vocabulary really needed to attain a functional level is much larger than the vocabulary required in any standard test of proficiency. Think of vector , ion or metaphysical . None of these words enter the standards lists of vocabulary because in theory they are technical terms, and yet they appear in normal conversation and you are expected to recognize them even if you have no idea what an ion really is. You acquire these words through a lifetime of living inside a culture.
So what happened with my French? Obviously, I just learned the few thousand words necessary to get along, and from then on it was extremely easy… because the vast pockets of specialized vocabulary were for the most part already known to me. And that is because, once you have learnt to decode phonetics and grammar, and above a certain level of vocabulary, all the languages in the World become almost the same—except for Chinese, that is.
And as a consequence of this Chinese differentiation, the only practical method for most people to achieve functional level is to spend a lifetime in immersion, in order to acquire the vocabulary in all those fields that are not studied in language school and can only be learned through experience. In summary, for a student to become functional it would take, following our three phases above:
- Exceptional communication abilities, talent and motivation.
- Years of full-time study to learn reading and writing.
- Even longer – min around 10 years? – in 100% immersion in China.
Essentially, we are speaking of a person who is dedicated to Chinese as a career, who has a talent for language and who lives in a total Chinese environment for many years. It is not impossible that this person exists, and we might even have someone in comments below who responds to this description. But the conjunction of those 3 conditions in one single person is extremely rare, and for the vast majority of students, functional level in Chinese will always be out of reach.
Excuse the long post, I wrote it out of frustration the other day when I got stuck in the middle of a sentence containing ionic treatment, partly because the word for ion, 离子 (li2zi3) like many other technical words, does not give you any clue when it is out of the context of physics. I would like to see what the Japanese (who are pretty good at saying “ion” phonetically) have to answer to this. Checkmate.
And Chinese has won the dubious honour of being the most difficult language in the World.
NOTES:
*There has been much discussion about this and the number is probably wrong. The point is that even when you get to know more characters than a native Chinese, he will still be able to read much better and faster than you. This is frustrating.
** I am using terms very loosely here, Written Chinese is not in itself a language but a representation of Chinese. It is not really studying 2 languages, but I find this comparison useful to give a feel of the raw amount of data that needs to be stored into your head.
PS. If you are interested in this debate, see the summarized and hopefully more clear post here .